A chance encounter with a young great white shark has prompted scientists to revisit more than a century and a half of records in an effort to better understand one of the Mediterranean Sea’s most elusive predators.
On April 20, 2023, local fishermen accidentally caught a juvenile great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) off the coast of the eastern peninsula. The shark measured about 210 centimeters (nearly 7 feet) long and weighed between 80 and 90 kilograms (176 to 198 pounds). While great white sharks are among the world’s most recognizable marine animals, sightings in this part of the Mediterranean are exceptionally uncommon.
The unusual catch led researchers to examine historical records dating from 1862 through 2023. Their findings were compiled into a comprehensive review published in the open access journal Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria.
The Mediterranean’s “Ghost” Great White Sharks
By combining the recent shark capture with 160 years of documented records, the researchers concluded that great white sharks continue to inhabit Mediterranean waters, even if they are rarely seen.
Scientists describe the Mediterranean population as a “ghost” population because encounters are so infrequent. The sharks seem to persist in the region while largely remaining out of sight, making them difficult to study and monitor.
The species is currently listed as Vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, which classifies species according to their risk of extinction. Great white shark populations are believed to be declining, increasing the importance of understanding where they still occur and how they use their habitat.
Why a Young Shark Matters
For researchers, the age of the shark may be just as important as the sighting itself.
“Determining the presence of juvenile individuals is of particular importance,” says Dr. José Carlos Báez, the study’s lead researcher. “The occurrence of juvenile specimens raises the question whether active reproduction may be occurring in the region.” He further hypothesized.
In other words, finding a young shark could suggest that great whites are not simply passing through Mediterranean waters. It raises the possibility that breeding may still be taking place somewhere in the region, although additional evidence would be needed to confirm that.
Rare Sightings Over 160 Years
The review found that reports of great white sharks in Spanish Mediterranean waters have continued to appear over the decades, even if only sporadically. Sightings remain rare events, but the long historical record suggests that the species has maintained a presence in the area rather than disappearing completely.
Because great white sharks are highly mobile animals capable of traveling vast distances, determining the size and status of regional populations can be challenging. Each confirmed sighting therefore provides valuable information about where these predators still occur.
Understanding the Fear of Great White Sharks
Few marine animals inspire as much fascination and fear as the great white shark. Popular culture has often portrayed the species as a dangerous menace, contributing to a reputation that many scientists argue is exaggerated.
Dr. Báez points to H.P. Lovecraft’s famous observation that “the oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown.” He believes that scientific knowledge is one of the most effective ways to challenge misconceptions.
“By shedding light on the biology and ecology of the great white shark, research can help replace unfounded myths with genuine understanding.”
Why Great White Sharks Matter
Researchers stress that long term monitoring programs will be essential for learning more about great white sharks in the Mediterranean. Combining traditional sightings with modern technologies such as satellite tracking could provide a clearer picture of their movements, behavior, and conservation needs.
As apex predators, great white sharks occupy the top levels of marine food webs. These animals help maintain ecological balance by influencing the populations and behavior of other species. They are also highly migratory pelagic predators, meaning they spend much of their lives traveling through open ocean waters and can move energy and nutrients across large geographic areas.
“The main idea I want to convey to the public is that these large marine animals have a fundamental role in marine ecosystems. As highly migratory pelagic species, they redistribute energy and nutrients across vast distances. They serve as nature’s scavengers — by consuming carrion, they keep ecosystems clean. Even in death, their descent to the seafloor provides a critical pulse of nourishment for deep-sea communities,” concludes Báez.
For now, the discovery of a single young shark has breathed new life into a long-running mystery. Although Mediterranean great white sharks remain elusive, the evidence suggests they have not disappeared. Instead, these legendary predators may still be quietly patrolling the region’s waters, largely unseen.