Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) affected most of the former National Football League (NFL) players whose donated brains were examined, with advanced disease linked to dementia.
Years of hard hits on the football field may leave a lasting mark on the brain. The hits may stop when the game ends, but their impact on the brain could last a lifetime, new research suggests.
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Football’s Hidden Battle: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) and Dementia
At least one in four former National Football League (NFL) players who died between 2016 and 2021 had confirmed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disease linked to repeated head impacts, at the time of death, finds a new study published by The BMJ (1✔ ✔Trusted Source
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy prevalence at death in National Football League (NFL) players: retrospective case-cohort study of all NFL decedents from 2008 to 2021
).
Players whose brains showed the most advanced CTE (stage IV) were also more likely to have symptoms typical of dementia before death, such as memory loss and impaired cognitive function, the study found.
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What Happens to the Brain After Years of Head Impacts?
Previous studies have shown that people who experience repetitive head impacts from contact sports, including NFL players, are more likely to develop and die from neurodegenerative disease such as CTE than the general population.
However, CTE can only be confirmed by post-mortem examination, so the extent of CTE among NFL players and its association with symptoms such as dementia has been unclear.
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Beyond Football: Examining CTE in Former NFL Players
To address this, the researchers studied brain tissue donated to the UNITE brain banks at the Boston University CTE Center (333 donors) and Mount Sinai (1 donor), and UCSF ADRC brain bank (4 donors) by American football players who died between 2008 and 2021 and had played at least one NFL game after 1949 (the first year plastic helmets were mandatory) to estimate rates of CTE among this group.
They also accessed players’ medical notes for symptoms typical of dementia during life and reviewed medical histories from clinical interviews with family members or other informants to examine the association between advanced stage CTE and dementia.
Study clinicians confirmed dementia cases and cause of death using all available information. Average age at death was 66.5 years.
CTE Common Among Former NFL Players Who Donated Their Brains
Among 1,712 NFL players who died from 2008 to 2021, 338 (19.7%) players’ brains were studied, 315 (93.2%) of whom had a diagnosis of CTE; thus, the possible CTE prevalence at death ranged between 18.5% and 98.7%.
Among those who died from 2016 to 2021, when brain donation was most frequent, the possible CTE prevalence at death ranged between 24.5% and 97.7%.
Among donors, 104 (30.8%) had stage IV CTE, 202 (59.8%) had dementia diagnosed by a study clinician, and 63 (18.6%) had neurodegenerative disease listed as the main cause of death.
Stage IV CTE in donors was associated with symptoms typical of dementia before death, and with a 44% higher prevalence of study clinician diagnosed dementia.
Because this retrospective observational study relied on post-mortem brain donation, causal interpretation requires caution. The researchers acknowledge several limitations, including that not all former NFL players who died during the study window were included and that some informants may have overemphasised or inaccurately recalled symptoms.
However, they say: “Together, these findings indicate that NFL players have a higher prevalence of CTE at death than has been previously shown in multiple community based studies. Furthermore, these data indicate that CTE severity at death is significantly associated with dementia in NFL player brain donors, and that dementia is common in these donors.”
Additional work is needed to further clarify the nature of this relation, particularly in other populations, with high lifetime exposure to repetitive head impacts, they conclude.
This study provides one of the most informative estimates to date of CTE burden among former NFL players, say researchers in a linked editorial.
The next challenge is to measure the long term neurological consequences of repetitive head impacts well enough to inform athletes, clinicians, sporting organisations, and policymakers, they write, alongside steps such as identifying CTE during life and continued efforts to reduce avoidable exposure while uncertainty remains.
Above all, existing and emerging evidence on this issue must be regularly shared with past, present, and prospective NFL players, ensuring that consent to play is obtained with knowledge of the potential risks involved and the limitations of the current research evidence, they conclude.
Reference:
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy prevalence at death in National Football League (NFL) players: retrospective case-cohort study of all NFL decedents from 2008 to 2021 – (https://www.bmj.com/content/394/bmj-2026-100418)
Source-Eurekalert